Hairdo



As Shia communities around the world mark Ashura, the image of the festival in Iran has become one of scenes of black-clad mourners and grief. As BBC Persian's Siavash Ardalan reports, this is part of the state's efforts to reinforce an ideological message and retain clerical control - but unofficial ceremonies create a different picture.
Iran places high importance on keeping the tradition of Ashura alive, given its pivotal role in inspiring the state's ideology.
As such, Ashura, its ethos and its rituals have been monopolised by the state, leaving a poignant but incomplete impression of Shia Islam both inside Iran and around the world.
Some are supported and promoted, others are officially ignored or downplayed, while some Ashura rituals are banned.
According to Shia narrative, despite being outnumbered by enemy forces, the Prophet's grandson, Hussein, fought an epic battle in 680 AD on the day of Ashura, knowing that he and his followers would be killed so that future generations could draw lessons from their sacrifice.